Contributions are required of a concise, focused account of the findings and reliable essential data. They should be well organized and written clearly and simply, avoiding exhaustive tables and figures. Authors are advised to use internationally agreed nomenclature, express all measurements in SI units, and quote all the relevant references.

　　The manuscript should be arranged in the following order: title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, text, acknowledgements, references, and appendixes.

　　Title

　　Titles must be limited to no more than 20 words, and should be concise, indexable, and informative for a broad scientific audience. Authors should avoid using colons, questions, nonstandard abbreviations, etc. in titles.

　　Author(s)

　　Authors’ names should preferably be written in a standard form for all publications to facilitate indexing and to avoid ambiguities. Authors with Chinese, Japanese, or Korean names may choose to have their names published in their own language alongside the English versions of their names in the author list of their publications. For Chinese, authors may use either Simplified or Traditional characters. The email address of the corresponding author is required.

　　Author affiliation: The affiliation should be the institution where the work was done. Complete addresses are required with post codes.

　　Abstract

　　Abstract: An abstracAn abstract (150-250 words) is a summary of the content of the manuscript. It should briefly describe the research purpose, method, result and conclusion. The extremely professional terms, special signals, figures, tables, chemical structural formula, and equations should be avoided here, and citation of references is not allowed.

　　Keywords: A list of three to eight keywords should follow the abstract. The chosen keywords are required to reflect the theme of a manuscript.

　　PACS indexing codes

　　Each manuscript must be given three to five PACS numbers, developed by the American Institute of Physics (http://www.aip.erg/pacs).

　　Text

　　A paper should begin with a brief introduction of the significance of the author’s research. Nomenclature, signal and abbreviation should be defined at their initial appearance. All the figures and tables should be numbered in numerical order.

　　Introduction: Being the most important part of an article, the introduction introduces the relevant research background and the progress in 2 or 3 years, with references cited in numerical order, then presents the problem to be solved in this article, and finally briefly describes the method adopted in this work. Before the end, the aim of the research should be mentioned. Subtitle is forbidden in this part, and introduction of the article structure is considered unnecessary.

　　Materials and method: This part introduces the materials, method and experimental procedure of the author’s work, so as to allow others to repeat the published work based on this clear description.

　　Discussion and conclusions: Conclusions should be derived from the observation and experimental results, and comparison with other relevant results is considered helpful to further proving the results. Repeated data should be avoided, and conclusions and suggestions are required to be clearly expressed. New hypotheses and recommendations may be proposed when warranted.

　　Figures and tables

　　It is preferred that authors embed figures and tables in the manuscript file. Embed the figures and tables in the approximate position and size you think is appropriate. Figures and tables should be numerically numbered, inserted in the text, and cited in order within the text. For each figure and table, please supply a caption (title) explaining the components of the figure and table. Identify any previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference at the end of the figure and table caption. If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free. Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.

　　Please provide the source files of the picture, such as (1) *.cdr; (2) *.ai; (3) *.eps; (4) *.org; (5) *.psd; (6) *.pdf; (7) *.srf; (8) *.xls; (9) * .fh; (10) *.gmf; (11) *.wmf, and so on.

　　PDF files should be vector files. In the PDF illustration, resolution of any shaded or photographic images must be 600 pixels per inch (PPI). Within the PDF illustration, resolution of line art with no shading should be 1200 pixels per inch (PPI). All fonts must be embedded in the PDF. Select “High Quality Print” when creating a PDF through the application’s print command.

　　When selecting a file mode, for print choose CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) and for color online choose RGB (red, green, blue).

　　The figures should have resolution not lower than 600 dpi for line art, 265 dpi of halftones, and clear lines of 5 px, with signals and letters in Arial Unicode MS at 7 pt. A space should always be maintained between the variable and the unit.

　　Label all figure parts with (a), (b), etc. Each figure file should contain all parts of the figure. For example, if Figure 1 contains three parts [(a) and (b)], then all parts should be combined in a single file for Figure 1.

　　Prepare illustrations in the final published size, not oversized. The maximum published width for a one-column illustration is 6.5 cm. The maximum width for a two- column figure is 14 cm.

　　Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.

　　The author is responsible for obtaining permissions to reuse previously published material. Full credit lines are needed for figures that are used with permission. An example of the recommended format for crediting material from a journal article is: “Reprinted with permission from [FULL CITATION]. Copyright [PUBLICATION YEAR] by Science China Press.” Full citation format is as follows: Author names, journal title, Vol. #, Issue #, Page # (or CID#), Year of publication. For example, the credit line would appear as: “Reprinted with permission from Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 58, 050301 (2015). Copyright 2015 by Science China Press. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free.

　　Equations

　　An equation is numerically numbered (Arabic numeral), and has the number put on its right side.

　　Acknowledgements

　　The author expresses his/her thanks to the people helping with this work, and acknowledges the valuable suggestions from the peer reviewers. Financial support also appears in this part, with grant number(s) following. The full title of each fund is required.

　　References

　　Reference citation is regarded as an important indicator of the paper quality. If the relevant references, especially the results published in 2 to 3 years are not cited in the paper, or most citations are from the author’s publications, the editor will consider this paper unattractive. References should be numerically numbered and cited in order within the text, with the numbers expressed in square brackets. The author should carefully check the author names, article title, journal title, year, volume and issue number of references, and create the listing according to the format of Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron.

　　References format

　　1. For an author’s name, full spelling of family name appears after abbreviation of given name, and it should include the full list of authors.

　　2. For correct abbreviations of journal titles, refer to ISO, e.g., Sci. Bull. for Science Bulletin, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron.for SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy.

　　3. The article title should be identified by an initial capital letter and italic with the remainder of the title in lower case, but the Journal references have not the article title.

　　4. For books and proceedings, the initial letter is capitalized for all the notional words and for function words with more than 4 letters.

　　5. Do not forget to list the editor names of the proceedings, publisher, city and year of publication, and the page numbers.

　　6. Accepted but unpublished papers should be followed by “in press”.

　　7. The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications and unpublished works should only be mentioned in the text. Do not use footnotes or endnotes as a substitute for a reference list. The entries in the list should be numbered consecutively.

　　8. Reference citations in the text should be identified by numbers in square brackets. Some examples:

　　(i) Negotiation research spans many disciplines [3].

　　(ii) This result was later contradicted by Becker and Seligman [5].

　　(iii) This effect has been widely studied [1-3,7].

　　Reference examples

　　●Journal

　　H. Kaddoussi, Y. Gagou, A. Lahmar, J. Belhadi, B. Allouche, J.-L. Dellis, M. Courty, H. Khemakhem, and M. El Marssi, Solid State Commun. 201, 64 (2015).

　　●Monograph

　　R. J. Hunter, Zeta Potential in Colloid Science (Academic, New York, 1981), p. 120.

　　●Proceedings

　　H. R. Qin, in The subgroups of a finite order in K(Q): Algebraic K-theory and Its Application, edited by H. Bass, A. O. Kuku, and C. Pedrini (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999), pp. 600-607.

　　R. K. Ahrenkiel, in Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds, Freiburg, Germany, 29 August–2 September 1993, edited by H. S. Rupprecht, and G. Weimann (Institute of Physics, London, 1994), pp. 685-690.

　　●Dissertation

　　G. X. Liu, Classification of Finite Dimensional Basic Hopf Algebras and Related Topics, Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree (Hangzhou University, Hangzhou, 2005), pp. 24-28.

　　●Technical report

　　V. Chang, The Past, Present and Future of the Linux Operating Systems, Technical Report (University of Southampton, 2006).

　　●Patent

　　W. P. Zhang, Experiment apparatus of diffraction imaging, China patent, 02290557.X (2003-12-03).

　　●User manual

　　D. L. Wang, J. Zhu, and Z. K. Li, User Manual for QTKMapper Version 1.6, 1999.

　　●Software

　　Hemodynamics III: The ups and downs of hemodynamics, Version 2.2 (Computerized Educational Systems, Orlando (FL), 1993).

　　Multiple citations are acceptable:

　　D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, A. Rode, R. Wang, and B. Luther-Davies, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354, 3179 (2008); J. Appl. Phys. 104, 113305 (2008).

　　(same authors, different journals)

　　or

　　J. Scaroni, and T. Mckee, Solid State Technol. 40, 245 (1997); M. G. Lawrence, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 225 (2005).

　　(two completely different references)

　　or

　　Y. de Carlan, A. Alamo, M. H. Mathon, G. Geoffroy, and A. Castaing, J. Nucl. Mater. 283-287, 762 (2000); M. H. Mathon, Y. de Carlan, G. Geoffroy, X. Averty, A. Alamo, and C. H. de Novion, ibid. 312, 236 (2003).

　　(different authors, same journal)

　　Supporting data

　　Electronic supplementary material: We accept electronic multimedia files (animations, movies, audios, etc.) and other supplementary files to be published online along with an article. This feature can add dimension to the author’s article, as certain information cannot be printed or is more convenient in electronic form.

　　Multimedia files can be included in the online version of published papers. All such files are peer reviewed. When published, these files can be viewed by clicking on a link from the figure caption, provided that the reader has a video player installed, such as Windows Media PlayerTM, Quick Time PlayerTM, or RealOne PlayerTM. Please note the following important information when preparing your manuscript.